Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and progressive joint damage. Unlike osteoarthritis, which results from wear and tear, rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the lining of the joints. The condition can affect people of all ages but is most common in middle-aged adults and tends to be more frequent in women.

Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Symptoms often develop gradually and may vary in intensity over time.

• Joint pain, swelling, and tenderness, usually affecting both sides of the body

• Morning stiffness lasting longer than 30 minutes

• Warmth and redness around affected joints

• Fatigue and general weakness

• Reduced range of motion

• Fever and unintended weight loss in some cases

Causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis

The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, but it involves an abnormal immune response that targets joint tissues.

Contributing factors include:

• Autoimmune activity leading to inflammation of the joint lining

• Genetic susceptibility

• Environmental triggers such as infections or smoking

The ongoing inflammation can damage cartilage, bone, and surrounding tissues.

Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Several factors increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis.

• Female sex

• Family history of autoimmune diseases

• Smoking

• Obesity

• Hormonal factors

These risk factors may influence disease onset and progression.

Complications of Rheumatoid Arthritis

If not well controlled, rheumatoid arthritis can lead to complications affecting joints and other organs.

• Permanent joint deformity and loss of function

• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

• Lung involvement, including interstitial lung disease

• Osteoporosis

• Anemia

• Increased susceptibility to infections due to immune dysfunction or medications

Early treatment helps reduce the risk of complications.

Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis

There is no guaranteed way to prevent rheumatoid arthritis, but certain measures may lower risk and limit disease impact.

• Avoiding smoking

• Maintaining a healthy body weight

• Early diagnosis and treatment to slow disease progression

• Regular medical follow-up to monitor disease activity

Lifestyle modifications combined with appropriate medical care can significantly improve quality of life for individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.