Burning Mouth Syndrome

Burning mouth syndrome is a condition characterized by a persistent burning or scalding sensation in the mouth without an obvious cause. The discomfort most commonly affects the tongue but may also involve the lips, gums, palate, or the entire mouth. Burning mouth syndrome can significantly affect quality of life and is more common in middle-aged and older adults. The condition may be primary, with no identifiable cause, or secondary, resulting from an underlying medical problem.

Symptoms

Symptoms of burning mouth syndrome can vary in intensity and may develop gradually. Common symptoms include:

• Burning, tingling, or scalding sensation in the mouth

• Dry mouth or increased thirst

• Altered taste, such as a bitter or metallic taste

• Numbness or soreness in oral tissues

• Symptoms that worsen as the day progresses

The mouth usually appears normal despite ongoing discomfort.

Causes

The cause of burning mouth syndrome depends on whether it is primary or secondary. Possible causes include:

• Nerve damage affecting taste or pain pathways

• Hormonal changes, especially during menopause

• Nutritional deficiencies such as low iron or vitamin B levels

• Oral infections or dental issues

• Acid reflux affecting the mouth

• Certain medications

In primary cases, no clear medical or dental cause is identified.

Risk factors

Several factors may increase the risk of developing burning mouth syndrome:

• Female sex, particularly after menopause

• Older age

• Chronic anxiety, depression, or stress

• Poorly controlled diabetes

• History of allergies or oral irritation

The condition is uncommon in children and young adults.

Complications

Burning mouth syndrome does not usually cause physical damage, but it can lead to significant emotional and functional difficulties:

• Chronic discomfort or pain

• Difficulty eating, drinking, or speaking

• Sleep disturbances

• Anxiety or depression related to persistent symptoms

• Reduced quality of life

Addressing symptoms early can help minimize long-term impact.

Prevention

There is no guaranteed way to prevent burning mouth syndrome, but certain steps may help reduce symptoms or prevent secondary forms:

• Maintaining good oral hygiene

• Managing underlying medical conditions

• Avoiding tobacco, alcohol, and irritating foods

• Staying well hydrated

• Managing stress through relaxation techniques

Working closely with a healthcare provider can help identify contributing factors and improve symptom management.