Intestinal Obstruction

Intestinal obstruction is a condition in which the normal movement of food, fluids, and gas through the intestines is partially or completely blocked. The blockage may occur in the small intestine or large intestine and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Intestinal obstruction can develop suddenly or gradually, depending on the underlying cause.

Symptoms

• Crampy abdominal pain that comes and goes

• Abdominal bloating or swelling

• Nausea and vomiting

• Constipation or inability to pass gas

• Diarrhea in partial obstruction

• Loss of appetite

• Abdominal tenderness

Causes

Intestinal obstruction can result from mechanical blockage or impaired intestinal movement. Common causes include:

• Adhesions (scar tissue) from previous abdominal surgery

• Hernias that trap a portion of the intestine

• Tumors in the intestine or colon

• Intestinal twisting (volvulus)

• Intussusception, especially in children

• Impacted stool or foreign objects

Risk factors

• History of abdominal or pelvic surgery

• Abdominal hernias

• Inflammatory bowel disease

• Colon or abdominal cancers

• Older age

• Chronic constipation

Complications

• Intestinal tissue damage or death due to reduced blood flow

• Bowel perforation

• Severe infection or sepsis

• Electrolyte imbalances and dehydration

• Short bowel syndrome after surgical removal

Prevention

While not all cases can be prevented, the risk of intestinal obstruction may be reduced by:

• Managing constipation with adequate fiber and fluids

• Seeking treatment for abdominal hernias

• Early management of intestinal or colon tumors

• Following post-surgical care instructions to reduce adhesions

• Prompt medical evaluation for persistent abdominal pain or bowel changes

Intestinal obstruction is a medical emergency in many cases. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, which may include surgery, are essential to prevent serious complications.