Overview

Depression, clinically known as Major Depressive Disorder, is a common and serious mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and emotional distress that interfere with daily functioning. It affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves and can occur at any age. Depression is not a sign of weakness and often requires professional care for effective management.

Symptoms

Symptoms of major depressive disorder usually last for at least two weeks and may vary in severity:

  • Persistent low mood or sadness

  • Loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities

  • Fatigue or low energy

  • Changes in appetite or weight

  • Sleep disturbances such as insomnia or excessive sleeping

  • Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

  • Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or hopelessness

  • Physical symptoms such as headaches or body aches

  • Thoughts of death or suicide

Causes

Depression results from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors:

  • Imbalance of brain chemicals involved in mood regulation

  • Genetic predisposition

  • Chronic stress or traumatic life events

  • Medical conditions such as chronic illness or hormonal disorders

  • Side effects of certain medications

  • Substance misuse or alcohol dependence

Risk Factors

Several factors may increase the risk of developing depression:

  • Family history of depressive disorders

  • Previous episodes of depression

  • Major life changes or ongoing stress

  • Chronic medical conditions

  • Social isolation or lack of support

  • Substance use disorders

  • Low self-esteem or negative thinking patterns

Complications

Untreated depression can lead to serious emotional, physical, and social consequences:

  • Decline in work or academic performance

  • Relationship difficulties

  • Increased risk of substance abuse

  • Development of anxiety disorders

  • Poor physical health outcomes

  • Self-harm or suicidal behavior

  • Reduced overall quality of life

Prevention

Although depression cannot always be prevented, certain strategies may reduce the risk or lessen severity:

  • Maintaining regular physical activity

  • Managing stress through healthy coping strategies

  • Building strong social connections

  • Seeking early support for emotional distress

  • Maintaining healthy sleep and nutrition habits

  • Avoiding excessive alcohol or drug use

  • Addressing mental health concerns promptly

Request an appointment

Advertisement

Advertisement