Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is a group of kidney disorders characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, which are tiny filtering units within the kidneys. These structures play a vital role in removing waste and excess fluids from the blood. When they become inflamed, the kidneys may not function properly, leading to a buildup of waste products in the body. Glomerulonephritis can develop suddenly or progress gradually over time.

Symptoms

Symptoms of glomerulonephritis vary depending on the severity and speed of disease progression. Common symptoms include:

• Blood in the urine, which may appear pink, red, or brown

• Foamy urine due to excess protein

• Swelling of the face, hands, feet, or abdomen

• High blood pressure

• Fatigue

• Reduced urine output

Some individuals may have mild symptoms, especially in early stages.

Causes

Glomerulonephritis occurs when inflammation damages the kidney’s filtering units. Common causes include:

• Immune system disorders that attack the kidneys

• Infections such as strep throat or skin infections

• Autoimmune diseases like lupus

• Blood vessel inflammation disorders

• Chronic conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure

In some cases, the cause remains unknown.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing glomerulonephritis, including:

• Recent bacterial or viral infections

• Autoimmune diseases

• Family history of kidney disease

• Long-standing diabetes or hypertension

• Certain genetic conditions

Both children and adults can be affected.

Complications

If not treated appropriately, glomerulonephritis can lead to serious kidney-related complications. Possible complications include:

• Chronic kidney disease

• Kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant

• Nephrotic syndrome

• Persistent high blood pressure

• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Early diagnosis can help slow disease progression and reduce complications.

Prevention

Not all cases of glomerulonephritis can be prevented, but certain steps may reduce risk:

• Prompt treatment of infections

• Managing chronic conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure

• Regular medical checkups for those at higher risk

• Avoiding medications that may harm the kidneys without medical guidance

Early medical care and proper management play an important role in protecting kidney health and preventing long-term damage.