Umbilical Hernia

An umbilical hernia occurs when part of the intestine or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles near the belly button (umbilicus). It is common in infants and usually harmless, often closing on its own within the first few years of life. Umbilical hernias can also occur in adults, where they are more likely to cause symptoms and may require medical treatment. The condition appears as a soft bulge near the navel that may become more noticeable when coughing, crying, or straining.

Symptoms

Umbilical hernia symptoms vary depending on age and severity. Many cases, especially in infants, cause no discomfort.

Common symptoms may include:

• A visible bulge or swelling near the belly button

• Bulge that becomes more prominent during coughing, crying, or straining

• Mild discomfort or pressure around the navel in adults

• Pain or tenderness at the hernia site, particularly in adults

In infants, umbilical hernias are usually painless and noticed only when the baby cries or strains.

Causes

An umbilical hernia develops due to weakness in the abdominal wall at the site where the umbilical cord passed through during fetal development.

Possible causes include:

• Incomplete closure of the abdominal muscles after birth

• Increased pressure within the abdomen

• Weakening of abdominal muscles over time in adults

In adults, conditions that increase abdominal pressure can contribute to hernia formation.

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing an umbilical hernia.

Risk factors include:

• Premature birth or low birth weight in infants

• Obesity

• Pregnancy, especially multiple pregnancies

• Chronic coughing

• Chronic constipation or straining during bowel movements

• Ascites, which is the buildup of fluid in the abdomen

• Previous abdominal surgery

Complications

While many umbilical hernias are harmless, complications can occur, particularly in adults or untreated cases.

Possible complications include:

• Incarceration, where the herniated tissue becomes trapped and cannot be pushed back

• Strangulation, where blood supply to the trapped tissue is cut off

• Severe pain, redness, or swelling at the hernia site

• Nausea, vomiting, or bowel obstruction in severe cases

Strangulated hernias are a medical emergency and require immediate treatment.

Prevention

Not all umbilical hernias can be prevented, especially those present at birth. However, certain measures may reduce the risk of developing one or prevent worsening.

Preventive steps may include:

• Maintaining a healthy body weight

• Avoiding heavy lifting or using proper lifting techniques

• Managing chronic coughs promptly

• Preventing constipation through a high-fiber diet and adequate hydration

• Strengthening abdominal muscles safely under medical guidance

Early evaluation and monitoring can help prevent complications and ensure timely treatment when needed.