Vaginitis

Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina that can cause discomfort, abnormal discharge, itching, or pain. It is a common condition that can affect individuals of all ages and is usually caused by infection, changes in vaginal bacteria, hormonal fluctuations, or irritants. Vaginitis is not a single disease but a group of conditions with similar symptoms.

The most common types include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infection, trichomoniasis, and atrophic vaginitis. Proper diagnosis is important because treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Symptoms

Symptoms of vaginitis vary based on the type and cause but often include:

• Vaginal itching, burning, or irritation

• Changes in vaginal discharge, including color, consistency, or odor

• Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse

• Burning sensation during urination

• Vaginal redness or swelling

• Light vaginal bleeding or spotting in some cases

Causes

Vaginitis occurs when the normal balance of vaginal bacteria is disrupted or when the vaginal lining becomes irritated or infected.

Common causes include:

• Overgrowth of bacteria leading to bacterial vaginosis

• Fungal infection, most commonly Candida species

• Sexually transmitted infections such as trichomoniasis

• Decreased estrogen levels after menopause or childbirth

• Use of scented products, soaps, or douches

• Allergic reactions to hygiene products or contraceptives

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing vaginitis:

• Recent use of antibiotics

• Unprotected sexual activity or multiple partners

• Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause

• Poorly controlled diabetes

• Use of vaginal sprays, douches, or perfumed products

• Wearing tight or non-breathable clothing

Complications

If left untreated, vaginitis may lead to complications depending on the cause:

• Increased risk of sexually transmitted infections

• Recurrent vaginal infections

• Pelvic inflammatory disease in some cases

• Pregnancy-related complications such as preterm birth

• Chronic discomfort and reduced quality of life

• Emotional distress or sexual difficulties

Prevention

Vaginitis can often be prevented by maintaining healthy vaginal habits:

• Avoiding douching and scented feminine products

• Practicing safe sex

• Wearing breathable, cotton underwear

• Maintaining good personal hygiene without over-cleansing

• Seeking prompt medical care for persistent symptoms

• Managing underlying health conditions such as diabetes

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment help relieve symptoms and prevent recurrence.