Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Diagnosis

Diagnosing common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) can be challenging because its symptoms often resemble other immune or infectious disorders. A healthcare professional typically reviews your medical history, symptoms, and family history, followed by specific blood and diagnostic tests.

Tests may include:

• Blood tests to measure immunoglobulin (antibody) levels such as IgG, IgA, and IgM. People with CVID usually have low levels of these antibodies.

• Vaccine response tests to see how your immune system responds to certain vaccines.

• Flow cytometry to analyze the types and numbers of immune cells, especially B cells, which produce antibodies.

• Genetic testing in select cases to identify possible hereditary causes.

A diagnosis is confirmed when there are consistently low antibody levels and poor immune response to vaccines or infections, after ruling out other immune disorders.

Treatment

CVID cannot be cured, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms, preventing infections, and improving quality of life.

Main treatment options include:

• Immunoglobulin replacement therapy
  The primary treatment for CVID. Regular infusions of antibodies (either through a vein or under the skin) help strengthen the immune system and prevent infections.

• Antibiotics
  Used to treat or prevent bacterial infections, especially of the lungs, sinuses, and ears. Long-term or preventive antibiotic therapy may be recommended in some cases.

• Management of autoimmune or inflammatory conditions
  Some people with CVID develop autoimmune disorders such as low blood cell counts or inflammatory bowel disease–like symptoms. These may require corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medicines.

• Monitoring and follow-up care
  Regular checkups are essential to monitor immune function, prevent complications, and detect any signs of chronic lung disease, gastrointestinal inflammation, or lymphoma early.

Lifestyle and Home Care

People with CVID can help reduce infection risk and maintain overall health by:

• Practicing good hygiene and handwashing.

• Staying up to date on vaccines as advised by a healthcare professional.

• Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

• Eating a balanced diet and getting adequate rest.

• Attending all scheduled immunoglobulin therapy sessions.

Outlook

With early diagnosis and proper treatment, most people with CVID can lead active, healthy lives. Regular medical follow-up and adherence to therapy are key to managing the condition effectively.