Heatstroke

Diagnosis

Heatstroke is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and physical examination alone. However, laboratory tests are often used to confirm the diagnosis, identify the cause, and check for organ damage. Common diagnostic tests include:

• Rectal temperature: The most accurate way to measure core body temperature, more reliable than mouth or forehead readings.

• Blood tests: Used to check sodium, potassium, and blood gas levels to detect imbalances or damage to the central nervous system.

• Urine tests: Evaluate kidney function and hydration status. Dark-colored urine often indicates dehydration or heat-related stress.

• Muscle damage tests: Identify rhabdomyolysis, a serious condition involving muscle tissue breakdown.

• Imaging tests (X-rays and others): Assess for possible internal organ damage caused by heatstroke.

Treatment

The main goal in treating heatstroke is to lower the body’s core temperature as quickly and safely as possible to prevent damage to the brain and vital organs. Treatment typically includes:

• Cold water immersion: The most effective and proven method to rapidly reduce body temperature. Immediate cold-water immersion significantly reduces the risk of organ failure or death.

• Evaporative cooling: If immersion isn’t possible, cool water is misted over the body while warm air is fanned to encourage evaporation and cooling.

• Ice packs and cooling blankets: Ice packs are applied to key areas such as the neck, groin, back, and armpits, or the body is wrapped in a cooling blanket to reduce temperature.

• Medication to stop shivering: Shivering increases body temperature and hinders cooling. Muscle relaxants like benzodiazepines may be used to prevent it.

Prompt recognition and immediate treatment of heatstroke are vital to recovery and to prevent long-term complications or organ damage.