Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a kidney disorder characterized by scarring in some of the glomeruli, which are the tiny filtering units of the kidneys. The term focal means that only some glomeruli are affected, and segmental means that only part of each affected glomerulus is scarred. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis can lead to significant protein loss in the urine and may …

Pericardial effusion is a condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity, the space between the heart and the pericardium, which is the thin sac that surrounds the heart. Normally, a small amount of fluid is present in this space to reduce friction as the heart beats. However, when too much fluid builds up, it can put pressure …

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It affects the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. The flu can range from mild to severe and may lead to serious complications, especially in young children, older adults, pregnant individuals, and those with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions. Influenza typically occurs seasonally …

Floor of the mouth cancer is a type of oral cancer that develops in the area beneath the tongue. It most often arises from the thin, flat cells lining the mouth and is commonly classified as squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer can affect speech, swallowing, and chewing, and may spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes if not detected early. …

Pulmonary Fibrosis is a lung disease that occurs when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred. This thickened and stiff tissue makes it difficult for the lungs to work properly and reduces the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream. As the disease progresses, breathing becomes increasingly difficult. Pulmonary fibrosis can develop gradually and may worsen over time. In many cases, …

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a group of disorders that cause progressive scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue, particularly affecting the interstitium, which is the tissue surrounding the air sacs. This scarring leads to stiffness in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe and deliver oxygen to the bloodstream. ILD can be caused by long-term exposure to irritants, autoimmune …

Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive difficulties. It affects how the brain and spinal cord process pain signals, leading to increased sensitivity to pain. Fibromyalgia can affect people of all ages but is more common in women. Although it is a long-term condition, it does not cause joint damage …

Fibromuscular dysplasia is a rare condition that affects the walls of medium-sized arteries, causing abnormal cell growth that leads to narrowing, enlargement, or tearing of the affected blood vessels. It most commonly involves the arteries supplying the kidneys and brain, but other arteries can also be affected. The condition can reduce blood flow and increase the risk of high blood …

Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths that develop in or on the uterus. They are also known as leiomyomas or myomas. Fibroids vary in size, number, and location, and many people may have fibroids without experiencing symptoms. They are most common during the reproductive years and often shrink after menopause. Although benign, uterine fibroids can sometimes cause significant discomfort and affect …

Fibrocystic breasts is a common, noncancerous condition characterized by lumpy or rope-like breast tissue. It often affects women of reproductive age and is related to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. Breast tissue may feel more swollen, tender, or nodular before menstruation and improve afterward. Fibrocystic breast changes are considered a normal variation of breast tissue rather than a disease. …