Microscopic colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the colon that causes persistent, watery diarrhea. Unlike other forms of colitis, the colon usually appears normal during colonoscopy, and the inflammation is only visible under a microscope, which is how the condition gets its name. Microscopic colitis mainly affects older adults and includes two main types: collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. …

Ischemic colitis is a condition that occurs when blood flow to part of the large intestine is reduced, leading to inflammation and injury of the colon lining. The decreased blood supply may be temporary or persistent and can result in mild to severe symptoms. Ischemic colitis is more common in older adults, but it can occur at any age depending …

Colic is a common condition in infants characterized by frequent, prolonged, and intense crying or fussiness without an apparent cause. It usually begins in the first few weeks of life and often resolves by three to four months of age. While colic is distressing for both the baby and caregivers, it is generally harmless and does not indicate an underlying …

The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, primarily affecting the nose and throat. It is usually mild and self-limiting, resolving within 7–10 days. The infection is caused by several types of viruses, most commonly rhinoviruses, and is highly contagious, spreading through droplets from coughs, sneezes, or direct contact with contaminated surfaces. Although usually harmless, the …

A cold sore, also known as a fever blister, is a small, fluid-filled blister that typically appears on or around the lips. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus (usually HSV-1) and is highly contagious, spreading through close personal contact, such as kissing or sharing utensils. Cold sores often recur because the virus remains dormant in nerve cells and …

Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing a dangerously low body temperature. It is typically defined as a core body temperature below 35°C. Hypothermia can impair brain function and vital organs, making it difficult for the body to function normally, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. …

Cold urticaria is a type of physical allergy in which the skin develops hives or welts in response to cold exposure. The reaction can occur after contact with cold air, water, or objects, and in some cases, after consuming cold food or drinks. Symptoms usually appear within minutes of exposure and can range from mild to severe. While often manageable, …

Valley fever, also known as coccidioidomycosis, is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the Coccidioides fungus. This fungus lives in dry, dusty soil, particularly in certain regions such as the southwestern United States, parts of Mexico, and Central and South America. Infection occurs when fungal spores become airborne and are breathed into the lungs. Many people exposed to …

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized enlargement or bulging of the abdominal portion of the aorta, the major artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The abdominal aorta extends through the chest and into the abdomen, where an aneurysm may form. A ruptured AAA can lead to severe internal bleeding and is …

Cluster headache is a rare but extremely painful type of primary headache disorder characterized by repeated attacks of severe, one-sided head pain. The pain is typically centered around or behind one eye and occurs in clusters, meaning frequent attacks over weeks or months followed by periods of remission. Cluster headaches are often described as one of the most intense forms …