Clubfoot, medically known as talipes equinovarus, is a congenital condition in which a baby is born with one or both feet twisted out of their normal position. The affected foot is usually turned inward and downward, making it difficult or impossible to place the sole flat on the ground without treatment. Clubfoot is present at birth and occurs due to …

Depression, clinically known as Major Depressive Disorder, is a common and serious mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and emotional distress that interfere with daily functioning. It affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves and can occur at any age. Depression is not a sign of weakness and often requires professional care for …

Cleft lip and cleft palate are congenital conditions that occur when a baby’s lip or the roof of the mouth does not form properly during early pregnancy. A cleft lip appears as an opening or split in the upper lip, while a cleft palate is an opening in the hard or soft palate of the mouth. These conditions may occur …

Claudication is a condition characterized by muscle pain, cramping, or fatigue that occurs during physical activity and improves with rest. It most commonly affects the legs and is usually a symptom of peripheral artery disease, a condition in which narrowed or blocked arteries reduce blood flow to the muscles. The pain typically appears during walking or exercise and subsides within …

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rare, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by abnormal proteins known as prions. These misfolded proteins lead to severe damage of brain tissue, resulting in a sponge-like appearance of the brain. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease progresses quickly and is always fatal, often leading to death within months to a year after symptoms begin. The condition affects adults worldwide and …

Cirrhosis is a chronic liver condition in which healthy liver tissue is gradually replaced by scar tissue, leading to permanent damage and impaired liver function. This scarring disrupts normal blood flow through the liver and interferes with essential processes such as detoxification, protein production, digestion, and nutrient metabolism. Cirrhosis develops over many years as a result of ongoing liver injury. …

Vulvodynia is a chronic pain condition affecting the vulva, the external female genitalia, without an identifiable cause. The pain can be constant or intermittent and may be triggered by touch, pressure, or sexual activity. Although the exact cause of vulvodynia is unknown, factors such as nerve irritation, inflammation, hormonal changes, or previous infections may contribute. The condition can significantly impact …

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative brain condition associated with repeated head injuries or long-term exposure to brain trauma. It has been most commonly identified in individuals who participate in contact sports, military service, or activities with repeated concussive or subconcussive impacts. CTE develops over years or decades after repeated brain injuries and leads to gradual deterioration of …

Chronic sinusitis, also known as chronic rhinosinusitis, is a condition in which the sinuses become inflamed and swollen for 12 weeks or longer, despite treatment attempts. This ongoing inflammation prevents normal mucus drainage and leads to persistent nasal and facial symptoms. The condition can significantly affect breathing, sleep quality, sense of smell, and overall quality of life. Chronic sinusitis may …

Chronic pelvic pain is a condition characterized by persistent pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic region that lasts for six months or longer. The pain may be constant or intermittent and can range from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain that interferes with daily activities, work, and emotional well-being. Chronic pelvic pain is more common in women but can …