Dermatomyositis

Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory disease characterized by muscle weakness and a distinctive skin rash. It is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks muscle fibers and skin tissue. Dermatomyositis can affect both adults and children and may develop gradually or suddenly. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent long-term muscle damage and disability.

Symptoms

Symptoms of dermatomyositis involve both muscles and skin and may vary in severity:

• Progressive muscle weakness, especially in the hips, thighs, shoulders, and neck

• Difficulty climbing stairs, standing from a seated position, or lifting objects

• Fatigue and general weakness

• Skin rash that is reddish or purplish, often on the face, eyelids, chest, knuckles, elbows, or knees

• Swelling or itching of the affected skin

• Muscle pain or tenderness

• Difficulty swallowing in advanced cases

Causes

The exact cause of dermatomyositis is unknown, but it is believed to result from immune system dysfunction:

• Autoimmune attack on muscle and skin blood vessels

• Genetic susceptibility combined with environmental triggers

• Viral or bacterial infections

• Certain medications

• Possible association with underlying malignancies in adults

Risk Factors

Several factors may increase the risk of developing dermatomyositis:

• Female sex

• Childhood or middle-aged adulthood

• Family history of autoimmune disorders

• Exposure to infections

• Certain cancers, particularly in adults

• Weakened or dysregulated immune system

Complications

If left untreated, dermatomyositis can lead to serious complications:

• Severe muscle weakness and disability

• Difficulty swallowing and breathing

• Calcium deposits under the skin, especially in children

• Lung involvement causing breathing problems

• Increased risk of infections

• Association with certain cancers in adults

Prevention

There is no known way to completely prevent dermatomyositis, but early recognition and management can reduce complications:

• Seeking medical attention for unexplained muscle weakness or skin rash

• Regular follow-up for individuals with autoimmune conditions

• Managing infections promptly

• Adhering to prescribed treatment plans

• Routine screening for associated conditions when recommended