Overview

Gilbert syndrome is a common, harmless genetic condition that affects the way the liver processes bilirubin, a yellow substance produced during the breakdown of red blood cells. In people with Gilbert syndrome, bilirubin levels may rise slightly from time to time, leading to mild jaundice. The condition does not cause liver damage and usually does not require treatment.

Symptoms

Many individuals with Gilbert syndrome have no symptoms and may discover the condition through routine blood tests. When symptoms occur, they are usually mild and may include:

  • Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes

  • Fatigue

  • Abdominal discomfort

  • Nausea

  • Loss of appetite

  • Mild weakness during episodes of elevated bilirubin

Symptoms often appear during periods of stress, illness, fasting, or dehydration.

Causes

Gilbert syndrome is caused by a genetic variation that reduces the activity of an enzyme responsible for processing bilirubin in the liver. As a result, bilirubin is not efficiently cleared from the bloodstream, leading to occasional increases in its level. The condition is inherited and present from birth.

Risk Factors

The primary risk factor for Gilbert syndrome is genetic inheritance. Factors that may trigger symptoms include:

  • Physical or emotional stress

  • Fasting or skipping meals

  • Dehydration

  • Illness or infection

  • Intense physical exertion

Gilbert syndrome affects both males and females and is often diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood.

Complications

Gilbert syndrome is generally benign and does not lead to serious health problems. Rare or mild complications may include:

  • Temporary jaundice during triggering situations

  • Sensitivity to certain medications that are processed by the liver

  • Anxiety related to visible jaundice

The condition does not increase the risk of liver disease.

Prevention

Gilbert syndrome cannot be prevented because it is inherited. However, symptoms can often be minimized by avoiding known triggers:

  • Eating regular, balanced meals

  • Staying well hydrated

  • Managing stress effectively

  • Seeking medical advice before starting new medications

  • Maintaining overall good health

Understanding the condition helps individuals manage symptoms and avoid unnecessary concern or medical intervention.

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