Recurrent breast cancer refers to the return of breast cancer after initial treatment and a period during which the cancer was undetectable. Recurrence can occur in the same breast or chest wall, in nearby lymph nodes, or in distant organs such as bones, lungs, liver, or brain. The risk and pattern of recurrence depend on the original cancer type, stage, …

Rectovaginal fistula is an abnormal connection between the rectum and the vagina that allows stool or gas to pass through the vaginal canal. This condition can cause significant physical discomfort and emotional distress. Rectovaginal fistulas most commonly develop as a result of childbirth injuries, pelvic surgery, or inflammatory diseases, and they require medical evaluation for proper management. Rectovaginal Fistula Symptoms …

Rectal prolapse is a condition in which part or all of the rectum protrudes through the anal opening. It occurs when the rectum loses its normal attachments inside the body, allowing it to slip downward. Rectal prolapse can affect children, adults, and older individuals, with higher prevalence in elderly adults. The condition may range from mild and intermittent to severe …

Raynaud’s disease is a condition that affects blood flow to certain parts of the body, most commonly the fingers and toes. It is characterized by episodes of reduced blood circulation in response to cold temperatures or emotional stress. These episodes cause the affected areas to change color, typically turning white or blue before becoming red as blood flow returns. Raynaud’s …

Radiation enteritis is an inflammatory condition of the intestines that occurs as a result of radiation therapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or lower spine, most commonly during cancer treatment. The small intestine is particularly sensitive to radiation damage due to its rapidly dividing cells. Radiation enteritis may develop during treatment or months to years after therapy and can be classified …

Rabies is a severe viral disease that affects the central nervous system and is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. It is caused by the rabies virus, which is transmitted to humans through the saliva of infected animals, most commonly via bites or scratches. Dogs are the leading source of human rabies worldwide, though bats, raccoons, foxes, and cats can …

Pyoderma Gangrenosum is a rare inflammatory skin condition that causes painful ulcers or open sores on the skin. It is considered a type of neutrophilic dermatosis, a group of disorders characterized by an abnormal immune system response that leads to inflammation in the skin. The condition most commonly affects the legs but can appear on other parts of the body, …

Pyloric Stenosis is a condition in which the pylorus, the muscular valve between the stomach and the small intestine, becomes thickened and narrowed. This narrowing blocks food from passing easily from the stomach into the small intestine. The condition most commonly affects infants, usually developing within the first few weeks after birth. Because the stomach cannot empty properly, babies with …

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis is a heart condition in which the pulmonary valve becomes narrowed. The pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle of the heart to the pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lungs to receive oxygen. When this valve is narrowed, the heart must work harder to pump blood through the small opening. This condition is …

Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect is a rare congenital heart defect present at birth. In this condition, the pulmonary valve that allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the lungs does not form properly, resulting in a complete blockage of blood flow to the lungs. At the same time, there is a hole in the wall between …