Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immune system disorder characterized by low levels of antibodies, which leads to an increased susceptibility to infections. It is one of the most frequently diagnosed primary immunodeficiency disorders and can affect both children and adults, often diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood. CVID impairs the body’s ability to fight bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens …

The common cold in babies is a mild viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, affecting the nose, throat, and sometimes the airways. It is caused by viruses such as rhinoviruses and is highly contagious. While generally harmless, colds in babies require careful monitoring because their immune systems are still developing, and they may be more susceptible to complications such …

A coma is a state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person is unresponsive to their environment and cannot be awakened, even with vigorous stimulation. It results from significant damage or disruption to the brain, often affecting areas responsible for consciousness, such as the cerebral cortex or brainstem. Comas can last from hours to weeks or longer, depending on the …

Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is a condition in which an individual has difficulty distinguishing certain colors. It occurs when the cones in the retina, which are responsible for detecting color, do not function properly or are absent. The most common type is red-green color blindness, but some individuals may have difficulty with blue-yellow distinction or complete …

Colon polyps are growths that appear on the inner lining of the colon (large intestine). They are relatively common and can vary in size and shape. While most colon polyps are benign, some types, particularly adenomatous polyps, have the potential to develop into colon cancer over time if left untreated. Polyps are often detected during routine screening procedures such as …

A pneumothorax (collapsed lung) happens when there’s air in the space between your chest wall and your lung (pleural space). Air in the pleural space can build up and press against your lung, causing it to partially or fully collapse. Pneumothorax is also called a punctured lung. A pneumothorax can be a medical emergency. Go to the nearest emergency department right …

Microscopic colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the colon that causes persistent, watery diarrhea. Unlike other forms of colitis, the colon usually appears normal during colonoscopy, and the inflammation is only visible under a microscope, which is how the condition gets its name. Microscopic colitis mainly affects older adults and includes two main types: collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. …

Ischemic colitis is a condition that occurs when blood flow to part of the large intestine is reduced, leading to inflammation and injury of the colon lining. The decreased blood supply may be temporary or persistent and can result in mild to severe symptoms. Ischemic colitis is more common in older adults, but it can occur at any age depending …

Colic is a common condition in infants characterized by frequent, prolonged, and intense crying or fussiness without an apparent cause. It usually begins in the first few weeks of life and often resolves by three to four months of age. While colic is distressing for both the baby and caregivers, it is generally harmless and does not indicate an underlying …

The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, primarily affecting the nose and throat. It is usually mild and self-limiting, resolving within 7–10 days. The infection is caused by several types of viruses, most commonly rhinoviruses, and is highly contagious, spreading through droplets from coughs, sneezes, or direct contact with contaminated surfaces. Although usually harmless, the …