Nicotine dependence is a condition in which a person becomes physically and psychologically addicted to nicotine, a highly addictive substance found in tobacco products such as cigarettes, bidis, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and e-cigarettes. Dependence develops as nicotine repeatedly stimulates the brain’s reward system, making it difficult to stop using tobacco despite known health risks. Nicotine dependence is recognized as a …

Mesenteric lymphadenitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the lymph nodes in the mesentery, the tissue that connects the intestines to the abdominal wall. It most commonly affects children and adolescents and often follows a viral or bacterial infection. The condition can cause abdominal pain that may mimic appendicitis, but it is usually less serious and often resolves on …

Adenomyosis is a condition that affects the uterus, the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a baby grows during pregnancy. In adenomyosis, tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus grows into the muscle wall of the uterus. This lining tissue is called endometrial tissue. During each menstrual cycle, endometrial tissue thickens, breaks down and bleeds. When this tissue is present …

Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness, pain, and limited movement in the shoulder joint. It develops when the connective tissue surrounding the shoulder joint becomes thickened and tight, restricting motion. Frozen shoulder typically progresses through stages and may last months to years. It is more common in people between the ages of 40 …

Adjustment disorders are strong emotional or behavioral reactions to stressful life events or changes. These reactions are more intense than would usually be expected and can interfere with daily life, relationships, work, or school performance. Stressful situations such as problems at work, moving away to school, illness, relationship issues, or other major life changes can trigger adjustment disorders. While most …

Adnexal tumors and masses are growths that develop in the organs and tissues located near the uterus. These growths form from cells in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or the connective tissue that supports these structures. Most adnexal tumors and masses are not cancerous, but some can be malignant. The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system and are located …

Childhood schizophrenia is a rare and severe mental health disorder characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behavior that begin during childhood or early adolescence. It is considered an early-onset form of schizophrenia and significantly affects a child’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, relate to others, and function in daily life. The condition often has a chronic course and …

Adrenal cancer is a rare condition that begins as a growth of abnormal cells in one of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small, triangular glands that sit on top of each kidney. Even though they are small, they play a major role in the body by producing hormones that regulate metabolism, blood pressure, immune response and other vital …

Benign adrenal tumors are noncancerous growths that develop in one or both adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small organs located on top of each kidney and play a key role in producing hormones that regulate blood pressure, metabolism, stress response, and electrolyte balance. Many benign adrenal tumors are discovered incidentally during imaging tests done for other reasons and are …

Adrenoleukodystrophy, also called ALD, is a rare inherited genetic disorder that affects the nervous system and adrenal glands. It occurs when the body cannot properly break down certain fats, known as very long-chain fatty acids. These fats build up in the brain, spinal cord and adrenal glands, leading to damage over time. ALD mainly affects males, though females who carry …