Overview

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory tract, particularly in infants, young children, and older adults. It is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under two years old. RSV spreads easily through respiratory droplets and direct contact, and infections can range from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory illness requiring hospitalization.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Symptoms

Symptoms usually appear 4–6 days after exposure and can vary from mild to severe.

  • Runny or stuffy nose

  • Coughing and sneezing

  • Fever

  • Sore throat

  • Wheezing or difficulty breathing

  • Rapid breathing or shortness of breath

  • Decreased appetite

  • Fatigue or irritability, especially in infants

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Causes

RSV is caused by infection with the respiratory syncytial virus.

  • Direct contact with infected respiratory secretions

  • Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face, nose, or eyes

  • Inhalation of airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing

  • Seasonal outbreaks, often in fall and winter months

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the likelihood of severe RSV infection.

  • Infants under six months of age

  • Premature birth

  • Chronic lung or heart disease

  • Weak or compromised immune system

  • Older adults, especially those with underlying health conditions

  • Exposure to crowded settings such as daycare

  • Household exposure to smokers

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Complications

While most RSV infections are mild, severe cases can lead to complications.

  • Bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lungs)

  • Pneumonia

  • Severe respiratory distress requiring hospitalization

  • Dehydration due to poor feeding in infants

  • Worsening of chronic lung or heart conditions

  • Increased risk of future wheezing or asthma in children

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Prevention

Preventive measures focus on reducing exposure and supporting immunity.

  • Frequent handwashing and proper hygiene

  • Avoiding close contact with sick individuals

  • Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces regularly

  • Limiting exposure of infants to crowded places during RSV season

  • Use of prophylactic medications (palivizumab) in high-risk infants

  • Promoting breastfeeding to support immune protection

  • Vaccination for RSV in eligible older adults and infants (where available)

RSV is a common but potentially serious viral infection, especially in young children and vulnerable adults. Early recognition, supportive care, and preventive measures are essential to reduce severity and complications.

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