Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is a serious eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by behaviors intended to prevent weight gain. These behaviors may include self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise. People with bulimia often feel a loss of control during binge episodes and experience intense concern about body weight and shape. The condition can affect physical health, mental well-being, and daily functioning.

Symptoms

Symptoms of bulimia nervosa can be physical, behavioral, and emotional. Common symptoms include:

• Recurrent episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short time

• Feeling out of control during binge eating

• Purging behaviors such as vomiting or laxative use

• Frequent dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise

• Swelling of the cheeks or jaw area

• Sore throat or dental problems from repeated vomiting

• Feelings of shame, guilt, or secrecy around eating

Causes

The exact cause of bulimia nervosa is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of factors. Possible causes include:

• Psychological factors such as low self-esteem, anxiety, or depression

• Social pressure related to body image and weight

• Biological or genetic vulnerability

• Stressful life events or trauma

• Cultural emphasis on thinness

These factors interact to influence eating behaviors and coping mechanisms.

Risk factors

Several factors may increase the risk of developing bulimia nervosa:

• Adolescence or young adulthood

• Female sex, though males can also be affected

• Family history of eating disorders or mental health conditions

• History of dieting or weight-related teasing

• High levels of stress or perfectionism

Complications

If left untreated, bulimia nervosa can lead to serious medical and psychological complications:

• Electrolyte imbalances that may affect heart rhythm

• Gastrointestinal problems, including inflammation or tears

• Dental erosion and gum disease

• Dehydration and kidney problems

• Mental health issues such as depression or anxiety

• Increased risk of substance misuse

Early treatment improves recovery and reduces long-term health risks.

Prevention

There is no guaranteed way to prevent bulimia nervosa, but certain strategies may reduce risk and support early intervention:

• Promoting a healthy relationship with food and body image

• Encouraging open conversations about mental health

• Reducing exposure to unrealistic body standards

• Seeking help early for disordered eating behaviors

• Supporting stress management and emotional coping skills

Awareness, early recognition, and access to professional care are key to preventing complications and supporting recovery.