Chronic Cough

Chronic cough is defined as a cough that lasts longer than eight weeks in adults or more than four weeks in children. It is a common medical complaint and often a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a disease itself. Chronic cough can significantly affect quality of life by disrupting sleep, causing fatigue, and leading to physical discomfort. Identifying and treating the underlying cause is essential for effective management.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of chronic cough is a persistent cough, but it may be accompanied by other signs depending on the underlying cause.

Common symptoms include:

• Ongoing dry or productive cough

• Throat irritation or a tickling sensation

• Frequent throat clearing

• Hoarseness or voice changes

• Sensation of mucus dripping at the back of the throat

Additional symptoms may include:

• Shortness of breath

• Wheezing

• Chest discomfort

• Heartburn or sour taste in the mouth

• Fatigue due to disturbed sleep

Causes

Chronic cough can result from a variety of respiratory and non-respiratory conditions.

Common causes include:

• Postnasal drip due to allergies or sinus conditions

• Asthma, including cough-variant asthma

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

• Chronic bronchitis

• Smoking or exposure to irritants

• Certain medications, such as ACE inhibitors

• Respiratory infections that persist or recur

In some cases, multiple factors may contribute to the cough.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing a chronic cough.

Key risk factors include:

• Smoking or long-term exposure to secondhand smoke

• History of asthma or allergies

• Chronic sinus or nasal conditions

• Obesity, which can worsen acid reflux

• Exposure to environmental pollutants

• Use of specific blood pressure medications

Children and older adults may be more vulnerable due to developing or weakened respiratory systems.

Complications

If left untreated, chronic cough can lead to physical and psychological complications.

Possible complications include:

• Sleep disturbance and chronic fatigue

• Chest or abdominal muscle pain

• Headaches or dizziness

• Urinary incontinence, especially in older adults

• Anxiety or social discomfort

• Rib fractures in severe or prolonged cases

These complications highlight the importance of identifying the cause early.

Prevention

Preventing chronic cough focuses on reducing exposure to triggers and managing underlying conditions.

Preventive strategies include:

• Avoiding smoking and exposure to airborne irritants

• Managing allergies and asthma with proper medical care

• Treating acid reflux through diet and lifestyle changes

• Staying hydrated to keep airways moist

• Seeking early treatment for respiratory infections

• Regular medical check-ups for persistent cough symptoms

Timely evaluation and appropriate treatment can help prevent chronic cough and improve overall respiratory health.