Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that primarily affects the throat and upper airways. The bacteria produce a toxin that can lead to severe illness and life-threatening complications. Diphtheria is highly contagious but largely preventable through vaccination.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually develop gradually and can worsen if untreated:

• Sore throat

• Fever and chills

• Thick gray or white coating on the throat or tonsils

• Difficulty swallowing

• Hoarseness

• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck

• Breathing difficulty in severe cases

• Fatigue and weakness

Causes

Diphtheria is caused by bacterial infection and toxin production:

• Infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae

• Spread through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing

• Contact with contaminated objects

• Lack of immunity due to incomplete vaccination

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the risk of diphtheria:

• Incomplete or lack of vaccination

• Living in crowded or unsanitary conditions

• Poor access to healthcare

• Travel to areas where diphtheria is more common

• Weakened immune system

Complications

Diphtheria can lead to severe and potentially fatal complications:

• Airway obstruction

• Heart inflammation and rhythm disturbances

• Nerve damage causing paralysis

• Kidney damage

• Respiratory failure

• Increased risk of death if untreated

Prevention

Prevention focuses on immunization and infection control:

• Receiving recommended diphtheria vaccinations

• Keeping vaccinations up to date with booster doses

• Practicing good hygiene

• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals

• Prompt treatment and isolation of suspected cases