Insomnia

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early and being unable to return to sleep. It can be short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) and often affects daily functioning, mood, and overall health. Insomnia may occur on its own or be associated with medical, psychological, or lifestyle factors.

Symptoms

• Difficulty falling asleep at night

• Frequent awakenings during the night

• Waking up too early in the morning

• Feeling unrefreshed after sleep

• Daytime fatigue or sleepiness

• Difficulty concentrating or memory problems

• Irritability or mood disturbances

Causes

Insomnia can result from a variety of factors, including:

• Stress, anxiety, or depression

• Irregular sleep schedules or shift work

• Excessive screen time before bed

• Caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol use

• Chronic pain or medical conditions

• Medications that interfere with sleep

• Poor sleep environment

Risk factors

• Older age

• Female gender

• High stress levels

• Mental health disorders

• Chronic medical conditions

• Irregular work schedules

Complications

• Reduced work or academic performance

• Increased risk of accidents

• Weakened immune system

• Worsening of anxiety or depression

• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease with chronic insomnia

Prevention

• Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule

• Creating a comfortable and quiet sleep environment

• Limiting caffeine and alcohol intake, especially in the evening

• Reducing screen time before bedtime

• Practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or meditation

• Engaging in regular physical activity, but not close to bedtime

Effective treatment for insomnia may include lifestyle changes, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), or medications when appropriate. Early management helps improve sleep quality and overall well-being.