Rectovaginal Fistula

Rectovaginal fistula is an abnormal connection between the rectum and the vagina that allows stool or gas to pass through the vaginal canal. This condition can cause significant physical discomfort and emotional distress. Rectovaginal fistulas most commonly develop as a result of childbirth injuries, pelvic surgery, or inflammatory diseases, and they require medical evaluation for proper management.

Rectovaginal Fistula Symptoms

Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the fistula.

• Passage of gas through the vagina

• Leakage of stool from the vagina

• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge

• Recurrent vaginal or urinary tract infections

• Vaginal irritation or inflammation

• Pain or discomfort during intercourse

• Emotional distress and reduced quality of life

Rectovaginal Fistula Causes

Rectovaginal fistulas form when tissue damage creates an abnormal passage between the rectum and vagina.

• Obstetric trauma during prolonged or difficult childbirth

• Surgical complications from pelvic or rectal surgery

• Inflammatory bowel disease, especially Crohn’s disease

• Radiation therapy to the pelvic region

• Infections causing tissue breakdown

• Cancer of the rectum, cervix, or vagina

Rectovaginal Fistula Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the risk of developing a rectovaginal fistula.

• Prolonged labor or use of forceps during delivery

• Multiple vaginal deliveries

• Previous pelvic surgery

• Chronic inflammatory bowel disease

• Pelvic radiation exposure

• Poor wound healing or infection

• Malnutrition or weakened immune system

Rectovaginal Fistula Complications

If untreated, rectovaginal fistulas can lead to serious complications.

• Chronic infections

• Skin irritation and ulceration

• Fecal incontinence

• Sexual dysfunction

• Psychological distress and social isolation

• Reduced overall quality of life

Rectovaginal Fistula Prevention

Prevention focuses on reducing risk factors and ensuring timely medical care.

• Access to skilled obstetric care during childbirth

• Prompt treatment of childbirth-related injuries

• Careful surgical techniques during pelvic operations

• Early management of inflammatory bowel disease

• Proper follow-up after pelvic radiation therapy

• Maintaining good nutrition to support tissue healing

Rectovaginal fistula is a treatable condition, and early diagnosis followed by appropriate medical or surgical intervention can significantly improve outcomes.