Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths that develop in or on the uterus. They are also known as leiomyomas or myomas. Fibroids vary in size, number, and location, and many people may have fibroids without experiencing symptoms. They are most common during the reproductive years and often shrink after menopause. Although benign, uterine fibroids can sometimes cause significant discomfort and affect quality of life.

Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the size, number, and location of the fibroids. Some individuals remain symptom-free.

Common symptoms may include:

• Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding

• Pelvic pressure or pain

• Frequent urination

• Difficulty emptying the bladder

• Constipation

• Back or leg pain

• Abdominal swelling or bloating

• Pain during intercourse

• Reproductive issues such as infertility or pregnancy complications in some cases

Causes

The exact cause of uterine fibroids is not fully understood. Their growth appears to be influenced by a combination of hormonal and genetic factors.

Possible causes include:

• Estrogen and progesterone, which promote fibroid growth

• Genetic changes within uterine muscle cells

• Abnormal response of uterine tissue to hormones

• Growth factors that affect tissue maintenance

Fibroids often grow during pregnancy and tend to shrink after menopause when hormone levels decline.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing uterine fibroids.

Risk factors include:

• Increasing age during reproductive years

• Family history of fibroids

• Early onset of menstruation

• Obesity

• Vitamin D deficiency

• Diet high in red meat and low in green vegetables

• African ancestry

Having risk factors does not mean fibroids will necessarily cause symptoms.

Complications

While uterine fibroids are not cancerous, they can lead to complications if symptoms are severe or untreated.

Possible complications include:

• Anemia due to heavy menstrual bleeding

• Chronic pelvic pain

• Infertility or difficulty conceiving

• Pregnancy complications such as preterm birth or placental problems

• Urinary or bowel problems from pressure on nearby organs

Early diagnosis allows for appropriate monitoring and management.

Prevention

There is no guaranteed way to prevent uterine fibroids, but certain lifestyle measures may help reduce risk or severity.

Preventive steps may include:

• Maintaining a healthy body weight

• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

• Ensuring adequate vitamin D levels

• Exercising regularly

• Managing hormonal imbalances under medical guidance

• Attending regular gynecological checkups

Monitoring symptoms and seeking timely medical advice can help prevent complications and support reproductive health.