Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how individuals perceive, communicate, and interact with others. It is characterized by difficulties in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. The term “spectrum” reflects the wide range of symptoms and their varying severity.

Autism spectrum disorder includes conditions previously considered separate, such as autism, Asperger’s syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and unspecified pervasive developmental disorder. Symptoms typically appear in early childhood and may affect functioning at school, work, and in social settings. Some children show signs within the first year, while others may appear to develop typically before losing skills between 18 and 24 months.

There is no cure for autism spectrum disorder, but early intervention during preschool years can improve outcomes and help children develop essential skills.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary widely depending on severity and may include:

Social communication and interaction

• Reduced or absent response to their name

• Limited interest in social interactions, preferring to play alone

• Poor eye contact and minimal facial expression

• Delayed speech, loss of previously acquired language, or difficulties in starting and maintaining conversations

• Speaking with unusual tone, rhythm, or repeating words without understanding

• Difficulty understanding simple questions or instructions

• Limited awareness of others’ emotions

• Passive, aggressive, or disruptive behaviors in social settings

• Difficulty interpreting body language, facial expressions, or tone of voice

Patterns of behavior

• Repetitive movements like rocking, spinning, or hand-flapping

• Self-injurious behaviors such as biting or head-banging

• Strict adherence to routines and distress over small changes

• Clumsiness or unusual movement patterns

• Stiff, exaggerated, or unusual body language

• Intense focus on details of objects without understanding their purpose

• Sensitivity to light, sound, or touch, while sometimes unresponsive to pain or temperature

• Lack of mimicry or participation in imaginative play

• Strong fixation on specific objects or activities

• Limited food preferences or aversions to certain textures

Children with milder symptoms may be diagnosed later in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Some may eventually lead typical or near-typical lives, while others continue to face challenges with language, social skills, and behavior.

Causes

The exact cause of autism spectrum disorder is unknown. It is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors affecting brain development. These may include:

• Genetic mutations or inherited genes associated with brain function

• Abnormalities in brain structure or connectivity

• Environmental exposures during pregnancy, such as infections, medications, or chemicals

• Complications during birth or low birth weight

Risk factors

Factors that may increase the likelihood of autism spectrum disorder include:

• Family history of autism spectrum disorder or other developmental disorders

• Being male, as boys are more likely to be diagnosed than girls

• Older parental age at the time of conception

• Premature birth or low birth weight

• Certain genetic conditions, such as fragile X syndrome or Rett syndrome

Complications

Autism spectrum disorder can lead to various challenges and complications, including:

• Difficulty in social and occupational functioning

• Communication challenges

• Behavioral and emotional problems, such as anxiety, depression, or aggression

• Learning disabilities or intellectual impairments in some cases

• Increased risk of self-injurious behaviors

• Difficulty living independently in adulthood for those with severe symptoms

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent autism spectrum disorder, but certain measures may help reduce risk or support early development:

• Regular prenatal care and avoiding harmful environmental exposures during pregnancy

• Early developmental screening and intervention for children showing delays

• Ensuring a supportive and stimulating environment for young children

• Prompt attention to developmental concerns with healthcare professionals

Early diagnosis and intervention remain the most effective ways to improve outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder.