Overview

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of knee pain begins with a physical examination. Your doctor may look for swelling, pain, tenderness, warmth, and visible bruising around the knee. You may be asked to move your lower leg in different directions to assess mobility, and gentle pressure may be applied to evaluate the stability and condition of the knee structures.

Imaging tests may be recommended when more detail is needed.
These can include:

  • X-ray to detect fractures or degenerative joint disease

  • CT scan to identify bone problems or subtle fractures, and in some cases, diagnose gout

  • Ultrasound to create real-time images of soft tissues while the knee is moved into different positions

  • MRI to provide detailed 3D images of soft tissues, including ligaments, tendons, cartilage, and muscles

Lab tests may be advised if infection or inflammation is suspected. Blood tests can provide important clues, and arthrocentesis may be performed to remove and analyze fluid from the knee joint.

Treatment

Treatment for knee pain depends on the underlying cause. Your doctor may recommend medications to relieve pain and address conditions such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis.

Therapy often plays a key role. Strengthening the muscles around the knee improves stability, and you may receive exercises tailored to your condition. Those who are physically active may benefit from training to correct movement patterns. Flexibility and balance exercises can also support recovery. Arch supports or braces may help shift pressure away from affected areas or provide stability.

Injections may be considered when other treatments are not enough. Options include:

  • Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and provide temporary pain relief

  • Hyaluronic acid to improve joint lubrication and mobility

  • Platelet-rich plasma, which may help decrease inflammation and support tissue healing

Surgery may be recommended when injuries or structural issues do not respond to nonsurgical treatments. Options include:

  • Arthroscopic surgery to repair or remove damaged tissue

  • Partial knee replacement to replace the affected part of the joint

  • Total knee replacement for more advanced joint damage

  • Osteotomy to realign the knee and reduce arthritis-related pain

Your doctor can help determine which approach aligns best with your condition and lifestyle.

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