Malignant Hyperthermia

Diagnosis

Malignant hyperthermia is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, close monitoring during and immediately after anesthesia, and laboratory tests that help identify related complications.

Healthcare providers may recommend further evaluation if there are risk factors for malignant hyperthermia. This type of assessment, known as susceptibility testing, helps determine whether someone is at increased risk.

Genetic testing can be used to identify the specific gene mutation associated with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. A blood sample is collected and analyzed in a laboratory to determine whether the genetic change linked to this condition is present.

In some situations, a muscle biopsy may be advised. During this test, a small sample of muscle tissue is surgically removed and examined in a specialized laboratory. The muscle specimen is exposed to substances that trigger malignant hyperthermia to observe how the muscle contracts. Because the tissue must be tested immediately after removal, this procedure is performed at specialized medical centers.

Treatment

If you or a family member is known or suspected to have malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, it’s essential to inform your healthcare provider and anesthesiologist before any procedure requiring anesthesia. Non-triggering anesthesia drugs can be used to reduce the risk of a reaction.

Immediate treatment focuses on slowing the reaction and preventing complications. This may include:

• Medication such as dantrolene, which stops abnormal calcium release in muscles and helps control muscle activity

• Additional medications to correct chemical imbalances in the body and manage related complications

• Oxygen therapy delivered by face mask or a breathing tube placed in the windpipe

• Body cooling measures such as ice packs, cooling blankets, fans with cool mist, and chilled intravenous fluids

• Extra intravenous fluids to support circulation and reduce kidney stress

Supportive care is often required after the initial treatment. This may involve staying in an intensive care unit for one or two days so vital signs and response to treatment can be closely monitored. Blood tests are performed regularly to detect muscle breakdown and assess kidney function. Hospital care usually continues until lab values move back toward normal levels.

With prompt and proper treatment, malignant hyperthermia typically resolves within a few days.

Follow-up Care

If you have experienced malignant hyperthermia, certain triggers such as intense physical activity in hot and humid conditions may increase the risk of another episode. Your healthcare provider can advise you on appropriate precautions.

Genetic testing may be recommended to confirm whether you have malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Close family members may also be advised to undergo testing due to the inherited nature of the condition.

If you are diagnosed with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklace is strongly recommended. This helps healthcare providers quickly recognize your risk in emergency situations when you may not be able to communicate.