Sprains

Diagnosis

During the physical exam, a healthcare professional checks the affected limb for swelling and areas of tenderness. The location and intensity of pain help indicate both the type and severity of the injury.

Imaging tests may be used to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other causes. X-rays help exclude fractures or other bone injuries as the source of pain. Magnetic resonance imaging, also called MRI, may be recommended to better understand the extent of damage to ligaments or other soft tissues.

Treatment

Early treatment of a sprain focuses on reducing pain and swelling and supporting healing. Immediate self-care often follows the R.I.C.E. approach.

• Rest
Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or discomfort. Complete inactivity is not recommended, as gentle movement helps recovery.

• Ice
Apply ice to the injured area as soon as possible. Use an ice pack or an ice-and-water slush bath for 15 to 20 minutes at a time. This can be repeated every two to three hours while awake during the first few days after the injury.

• Compression
Wrap the injured area with an elastic bandage to help control swelling. The wrap should be snug but not tight enough to reduce circulation. Begin wrapping at the area farthest from the heart. If pain increases, numbness occurs or swelling develops below the wrap, loosen it.

• Elevation
Raise the injured limb above heart level whenever possible, especially at night. Elevation allows gravity to help reduce swelling.

Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, may help manage pain during recovery.

After the first two days, gentle use of the injured area is encouraged. Gradual improvement in movement and weight-bearing ability is expected. Recovery time can range from a few days to several months, depending on the severity of the sprain.

Physical therapy may be recommended to restore strength, stability and flexibility of the joint or limb. In some cases, a brace or splint may be used to limit movement and support healing. For severe injuries, including torn ligaments, surgery may be considered.