Typhoid Fever

Diagnosis

A healthcare professional may suspect typhoid fever based on symptoms and a review of medical and travel history. Lab tests are used to confirm the diagnosis.

Tests typically involve checking samples of blood, stool or urine for the typhoid bacteria. These samples are examined in a lab to see if bacteria grow. If growth is detected, the sample is studied under a microscope to identify the bacteria. In some cases, a bone marrow sample may also be taken because it can provide the most accurate results.

Other available tests look for antibodies in the blood that the body produces to fight infection or for typhoid bacteria DNA circulating in the bloodstream.

Treatment

Antibiotic medicine is the primary treatment for typhoid fever. These medicines help shorten the illness and reduce the risk of complications. Without treatment, fever and other symptoms may continue for weeks or even months.

Commonly prescribed antibiotics

The specific antibiotic recommended can depend on how severe the illness is and where the infection was acquired. In some cases, the bacteria may not respond to certain antibiotics. This antibiotic resistance can make treatment more difficult.

Antibiotics that may be used include:

• Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, which work by preventing bacteria from copying their genetic material.

• Cephalosporins, a group of antibiotics that block bacteria from forming cell walls. Ceftriaxone is often used when resistance is a concern.

• Macrolides, which stop bacteria from producing proteins. Azithromycin may be an option when resistance limits other choices.

• Carbapenems, which also interfere with bacterial cell wall formation and may be used for severe cases that do not respond to other treatments.

Other treatments

Surgery may be needed if typhoid fever causes damage to the intestines or blood vessels. This procedure helps repair any serious complications that arise during the illness.