Overview
Diagnosis
Wet macular degeneration is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam and specialized imaging tests that evaluate the retina and macula. Early detection is essential to prevent significant vision loss.
A healthcare professional, usually an ophthalmologist, may perform the following:
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Dilated eye exam: Eye drops are used to widen the pupils, allowing the doctor to examine the retina and macula for abnormal blood vessels, fluid, or bleeding.
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Amsler grid test: This test helps detect visual distortions such as wavy or blurred lines that are common in macular degeneration.
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Optical coherence tomography (OCT): This imaging test provides detailed cross-sectional images of the retina to identify fluid buildup or swelling.
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Fluorescein angiography: A special dye is injected into a vein in the arm, and photographs are taken as the dye travels through the blood vessels in the retina. This helps identify leaking or abnormal vessels.
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Indocyanine green angiography: Similar to fluorescein angiography but uses a different dye, helping detect deeper layers of abnormal blood vessels.
These tests help determine the type and severity of macular degeneration and guide treatment planning.
Treatment
Although wet macular degeneration cannot be cured, treatments can slow disease progression and, in some cases, improve vision. The goal is to stop the growth of abnormal blood vessels and reduce fluid leakage.
Common treatment options include:
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Anti-VEGF injections: The most common and effective treatment involves injecting anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications directly into the eye. These drugs—such as ranibizumab, aflibercept, bevacizumab, and brolucizumab—help stop new blood vessel growth and reduce leakage.
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Photodynamic therapy (PDT): This involves injecting a light-sensitive drug called verteporfin into the bloodstream, which accumulates in abnormal blood vessels in the eye. A laser is then directed at the affected area to seal off the leaking vessels.
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Laser photocoagulation: A focused laser beam seals abnormal blood vessels, preventing further leakage. This method is used less often today because it can damage nearby healthy tissue.
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Low-vision aids: Magnifying lenses, specialized glasses, and adaptive devices can help improve quality of life and maximize remaining vision.
Outlook
Early and consistent treatment can help preserve central vision and slow disease progression. Regular eye exams are critical for monitoring changes and adjusting treatment as needed.
While vision lost to wet macular degeneration cannot usually be restored, timely therapy and ongoing care can significantly improve visual stability and help maintain independence in daily activities.
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