Overview
Ductal carcinoma in situ is a noninvasive breast condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of the milk ducts. The term “in situ” means the cells have not spread beyond the ducts into surrounding breast tissue. DCIS is considered the earliest form of breast cancer and is highly treatable when detected early.
Symptoms
Many people with ductal carcinoma in situ have no noticeable symptoms, and the condition is often detected during routine screening. When symptoms occur, they may include:
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Breast lump or thickening
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Nipple discharge, sometimes bloody
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Breast pain or tenderness
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Changes in breast shape or size
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Skin changes on the breast in rare cases
Causes
Ductal carcinoma in situ develops due to abnormal cell growth within the breast ducts:
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Genetic mutations affecting cell growth and division
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Hormonal influences on breast tissue
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Age-related changes in breast cells
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Accumulation of abnormal cells over time
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Increased sensitivity of ductal cells to growth signals
Risk Factors
Several factors increase the risk of developing ductal carcinoma in situ:
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Increasing age
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Family history of breast cancer
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Genetic mutations associated with breast cancer
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Early onset of menstruation or late menopause
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Hormone replacement therapy
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Dense breast tissue
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Lack of physical activity
Complications
If left untreated, ductal carcinoma in situ may lead to:
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Progression to invasive breast cancer
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Recurrence after treatment
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Emotional stress and anxiety
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Need for more extensive treatment if progression occurs
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Impact on quality of life during long-term monitoring
Prevention
Although ductal carcinoma in situ cannot always be prevented, certain measures may reduce risk or support early detection:
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Regular breast cancer screening as recommended
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Maintaining a healthy body weight
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Engaging in regular physical activity
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Limiting alcohol intake
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Avoiding unnecessary hormone therapy
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Seeking medical evaluation for any breast changes
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