Overview

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immune system disorder characterized by low levels of antibodies, which leads to an increased susceptibility to infections. It is one of the most frequently diagnosed primary immunodeficiency disorders and can affect both children and adults, often diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood. CVID impairs the body’s ability to fight bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens effectively.

Symptoms

Symptoms of Common Variable Immunodeficiency vary widely among individuals and may develop gradually over time. Common features include:

  • Recurrent respiratory infections such as sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia

  • Frequent ear infections

  • Chronic diarrhea or gastrointestinal infections

  • Fatigue and reduced energy levels

  • Poor response to routine vaccinations

  • Enlarged lymph nodes or spleen in some cases

Causes

The exact cause of Common Variable Immunodeficiency is not fully understood. In many individuals, it is linked to defects in B cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. Genetic factors may play a role, although a specific gene mutation is identified in only a minority of cases. Environmental factors and immune regulation abnormalities may also contribute to the condition.

Risk Factors

Certain factors may increase the likelihood of developing CVID, including:

  • Family history of primary immunodeficiency disorders

  • Genetic mutations affecting immune cell function

  • Onset typically during late childhood, adolescence, or adulthood

  • History of recurrent or severe infections without a clear cause

Complications

If left untreated, Common Variable Immunodeficiency can lead to serious health complications, such as:

  • Chronic lung disease due to repeated infections

  • Autoimmune disorders, including autoimmune anemia or thrombocytopenia

  • Gastrointestinal inflammation and malabsorption

  • Increased risk of certain cancers, particularly lymphoma

  • Long-term organ damage from persistent infections

Prevention

There is no known way to prevent Common Variable Immunodeficiency, as it is largely related to genetic and immune system factors. However, complications can be reduced through early diagnosis and proper management. Preventive measures focus on:

  • Regular medical follow-up and immune system monitoring

  • Prompt treatment of infections

  • Avoiding exposure to known infections when possible

  • Maintaining recommended vaccinations as advised by a healthcare provider

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