Overview

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a medical condition in which a blood clot forms in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs. The clot can partially or completely block blood flow, leading to pain and swelling. DVT is a serious condition because a clot can break loose and travel to the lungs, causing a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. Early recognition and treatment are essential to prevent complications.

Symptoms

Symptoms of DVT may vary and sometimes develop gradually:

  • Swelling in one leg or arm

  • Pain or tenderness, often starting in the calf

  • Warmth over the affected area

  • Red or discolored skin

  • Cramping or aching sensation that may worsen with standing or walking

  • In some cases, no noticeable symptoms

Causes

DVT occurs when blood flow slows or becomes abnormal, leading to clot formation:

  • Prolonged immobility, such as during long travel or bed rest

  • Injury or trauma to a vein

  • Surgery, especially orthopedic or abdominal procedures

  • Increased blood clotting tendency

  • Compression of veins due to tumors or swelling

  • Certain medical conditions affecting circulation

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing deep vein thrombosis:

  • Prolonged sitting or immobility

  • Recent surgery or hospitalization

  • Increasing age

  • Obesity

  • Pregnancy and the postpartum period

  • Smoking

  • Cancer or cancer treatment

  • Use of hormone therapy or oral contraceptives

  • Personal or family history of blood clots

Complications

If not treated promptly, DVT can lead to serious complications:

  • Pulmonary embolism

  • Chronic leg pain and swelling

  • Post-thrombotic syndrome

  • Skin ulcers due to poor circulation

  • Reduced mobility and quality of life

  • Recurrent blood clots

Prevention

Preventive measures help reduce the risk of DVT, especially in high-risk individuals:

  • Staying physically active and avoiding prolonged immobility

  • Moving legs frequently during long travel

  • Maintaining a healthy body weight

  • Quitting smoking

  • Using compression stockings when recommended

  • Following medical advice after surgery or hospitalization

  • Staying well hydrated

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