Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly)

An enlarged spleen, medically known as splenomegaly, is a condition in which the spleen increases in size beyond its normal dimensions. The spleen plays an important role in filtering blood, supporting immune function, and recycling old red blood cells. Splenomegaly itself is not a disease but a sign of an underlying condition affecting the blood, immune system, liver, or infections. The severity can range from mild enlargement to significant swelling that interferes with normal organ function.

Symptoms

Some people with an enlarged spleen may not experience noticeable symptoms, especially in mild cases. When symptoms occur, they may include:

• Pain or fullness in the upper left abdomen

• Discomfort that may spread to the left shoulder

• Feeling full quickly after eating small amounts

• Fatigue and weakness

• Frequent infections

• Easy bleeding or bruising due to low blood cell counts

Sudden severe pain may indicate splenic rupture and requires immediate medical attention.

Causes

Splenomegaly can develop due to various medical conditions that affect blood flow, immune activity, or infections. Common causes include:

• Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections such as mononucleosis or malaria

• Liver diseases leading to increased blood pressure in the spleen

• Blood cancers such as leukemia or lymphoma

• Hemolytic anemia and other blood disorders

• Inflammatory or autoimmune diseases

• Congestion from heart failure

• Cysts or tumors involving the spleen

Identifying the underlying cause is essential for proper treatment.

Risk Factors

Several factors may increase the risk of developing an enlarged spleen:

• Chronic infections or immune disorders

• Liver disease or portal hypertension

• Blood-related disorders

• Family history of certain genetic conditions

• Weakened immune system

The presence of these factors may increase susceptibility to splenic enlargement.

Complications

If left untreated, an enlarged spleen can lead to serious complications:

• Increased risk of splenic rupture from minor trauma

• Low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets

• Recurrent or severe infections

• Bleeding disorders

• Reduced immune function after splenic damage or removal

Timely diagnosis helps reduce the risk of complications.

Prevention

Not all causes of splenomegaly can be prevented, but certain measures can help lower risk and protect spleen health:

• Prompt treatment of infections

• Managing chronic liver and blood disorders

• Avoiding contact sports when the spleen is enlarged

• Regular medical follow-ups for underlying conditions

• Maintaining overall immune health through balanced nutrition and vaccination

Early medical evaluation and ongoing care play a key role in preventing complications associated with an enlarged spleen.