Overview

Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a serious condition characterized by the destruction of red blood cells, low platelet levels, and acute kidney injury. It most commonly occurs after a gastrointestinal infection, especially in children, but can also affect adults. The condition can develop rapidly and requires prompt medical attention to prevent severe complications.

Symptoms

Symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome often begin after an episode of diarrhea, which may be bloody.

Common symptoms include:

  • Reduced urination or dark-colored urine

  • Fatigue and weakness due to anemia

  • Pale skin

  • Easy bruising or unusual bleeding

  • Swelling of the face, hands, or feet

  • Abdominal pain

  • Nausea or vomiting

  • Confusion or irritability in severe cases

Causes

Hemolytic uremic syndrome is most often triggered by infections that damage blood vessels.

Common causes include:

  • Infection with Escherichia coli producing Shiga toxin

  • Consumption of contaminated food or water

  • Person-to-person spread of certain bacteria

  • Certain medications

  • Pregnancy or autoimmune conditions in rare cases

Risk Factors

Some individuals are at higher risk of developing hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Risk factors include:

  • Young children, especially under five years of age

  • Older adults

  • Weakened immune system

  • Exposure to contaminated food

  • Poor hygiene practices

  • Recent gastrointestinal infection

Complications

Hemolytic uremic syndrome can cause severe and potentially life-threatening complications.

Possible complications include:

  • Acute kidney failure

  • Chronic kidney disease

  • High blood pressure

  • Neurological problems such as seizures or stroke

  • Heart complications

  • Death in severe cases

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on reducing the risk of infection.

Preventive steps include:

  • Cooking meat thoroughly

  • Washing hands properly, especially after using the toilet and before eating

  • Avoiding unpasteurized milk and juices

  • Washing fruits and vegetables before consumption

  • Using safe drinking water

  • Practicing good hygiene during food preparation

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