Overview

Hypothermia is a medical emergency that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing a dangerously low body temperature. It is typically defined as a core body temperature below 35°C. Hypothermia can impair brain function and vital organs, making it difficult for the body to function normally, and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Symptoms

Symptoms of hypothermia vary depending on how low the body temperature drops and may worsen gradually.

Common symptoms include:

  • Intense shivering in early stages

  • Cold, pale, or bluish skin

  • Slurred speech

  • Slow, shallow breathing

  • Weak pulse

  • Clumsiness or lack of coordination

  • Confusion or memory problems

  • Extreme fatigue or drowsiness

  • Loss of consciousness in severe cases

Causes

Hypothermia occurs when the body is exposed to cold conditions for a prolonged period or loses heat rapidly.

Common causes include:

  • Exposure to cold weather without adequate clothing

  • Immersion in cold water

  • Staying in cold indoor environments without heating

  • Wet clothing combined with cold temperatures

  • Wind exposure increasing heat loss

  • Prolonged inactivity in cold conditions

Risk Factors

Certain individuals are more vulnerable to developing hypothermia.

Risk factors include:

  • Older adults and infants

  • Homelessness or poor shelter

  • Alcohol or drug use

  • Malnutrition or dehydration

  • Chronic medical conditions

  • Certain medications affecting body temperature regulation

  • Outdoor workers or winter sports participants

Complications

If hypothermia is not treated promptly, it can lead to serious complications.

Possible complications include:

  • Heart rhythm disturbances

  • Respiratory failure

  • Organ failure

  • Frostbite

  • Increased risk of infections

  • Death in severe cases

Prevention

Hypothermia is largely preventable with appropriate precautions in cold environments.

Preventive measures include:

  • Wearing warm, layered, and dry clothing

  • Protecting the head, hands, and feet from cold

  • Staying dry and changing wet clothes promptly

  • Limiting exposure to cold and wind

  • Maintaining adequate nutrition and hydration

  • Avoiding alcohol in cold environments

  • Ensuring proper heating in living spaces

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