Infertility

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse, or after 6 months for individuals over the age of 35. It can affect both men and women and may result from problems with ovulation, sperm production, fertilization, or implantation. Infertility is a common condition and can have significant emotional, social, and psychological impacts.

Symptoms

Infertility itself may not cause obvious symptoms, but underlying conditions may present with signs such as:

• Irregular or absent menstrual periods in women

• Painful or heavy periods

• Hormonal symptoms such as acne or excessive hair growth

• Erectile dysfunction or ejaculation problems in men

• Reduced sexual desire

• Pelvic pain in women

Causes

In women, infertility may be caused by:

• Ovulation disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome

• Blocked or damaged fallopian tubes

• Endometriosis

• Uterine abnormalities or fibroids

• Age-related decline in egg quality

In men, causes may include:

• Low sperm count or poor sperm quality

• Hormonal imbalances

• Varicocele

• Genetic conditions

• Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol use, or obesity

Risk factors

• Increasing age, especially in women over 35

• Smoking, excessive alcohol use, or drug use

• Obesity or being underweight

• Chronic stress

• Sexually transmitted infections

• Exposure to environmental toxins

• Certain medical treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation

Complications

• Emotional distress, anxiety, or depression

• Strain on relationships

• Increased financial burden due to fertility treatments

• Higher risk of pregnancy complications with assisted reproductive techniques

Prevention

While not all causes of infertility can be prevented, certain measures may reduce risk and improve fertility:

• Maintaining a healthy weight

• Avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol intake

• Managing chronic medical conditions

• Practicing safe sex to prevent sexually transmitted infections

• Seeking early evaluation if menstrual irregularities or fertility concerns exist

• Reducing exposure to environmental toxins

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including lifestyle changes, medications, or assisted reproductive technologies, can improve the chances of conception and help individuals and couples manage infertility effectively.