Overview

Iron deficiency anemia is a common blood disorder that occurs when the body lacks enough iron to produce adequate amounts of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is essential for carrying oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. When iron levels are low, red blood cells become smaller and carry less oxygen, leading to fatigue and other symptoms. This condition can affect people of all ages and is especially common in children, women of reproductive age, and older adults.

Symptoms

Symptoms may develop gradually and vary depending on the severity of the anemia. Common symptoms include:

  • Fatigue and weakness

  • Pale skin or mucous membranes

  • Shortness of breath during physical activity

  • Dizziness or lightheadedness

  • Headache

  • Cold hands and feet

  • Brittle nails or hair loss

  • Craving non-food substances such as ice or clay

Causes

Iron deficiency anemia develops when iron intake, absorption, or storage is insufficient to meet the body’s needs. Causes may include:

  • Inadequate dietary intake of iron

  • Blood loss from heavy menstrual periods

  • Gastrointestinal bleeding due to ulcers or polyps

  • Poor absorption of iron from digestive disorders

  • Increased iron needs during pregnancy or growth

  • Frequent blood donation

Risk factors

  • Women with heavy menstrual bleeding

  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding

  • Infants and young children

  • Vegetarian or vegan diets without adequate iron sources

  • Chronic gastrointestinal conditions

  • Older adults

  • History of blood loss or anemia

Complications

  • Severe fatigue affecting daily activities

  • Impaired cognitive and physical development in children

  • Increased risk of infections

  • Heart problems such as rapid or irregular heartbeat

  • Pregnancy complications, including low birth weight

Prevention

Iron deficiency anemia can often be prevented through lifestyle and dietary measures, including:

  • Consuming iron-rich foods such as lean meats, legumes, and leafy greens

  • Combining iron-rich foods with vitamin C to enhance absorption

  • Using iron supplements when recommended by a healthcare provider

  • Managing conditions that cause chronic blood loss

  • Regular health checkups to detect anemia early

Early diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia help restore normal iron levels, improve symptoms, and prevent long-term complications.

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