Overview

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the lungs, most commonly in the lining of the air passages. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Lung cancer is broadly classified into non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, based on how the cancer cells appear under a microscope. Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes, but many cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage.

Symptoms

Symptoms of lung cancer may develop gradually and worsen over time:

  • Persistent cough that does not go away

  • Coughing up blood

  • Shortness of breath

  • Chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing

  • Hoarseness

  • Unexplained weight loss

  • Fatigue

  • Recurrent lung infections such as pneumonia

Advanced stages may cause bone pain, headaches, or swelling in the face and neck.

Causes

Lung cancer develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lungs. The most common cause is long-term exposure to harmful substances:

  • Cigarette smoking

  • Secondhand smoke exposure

  • Radon gas exposure

  • Occupational exposure to asbestos or other carcinogens

  • Air pollution

  • Genetic mutations

Smoking is the primary risk factor in most cases.

Risk Factors

Factors that increase the risk of lung cancer include:

  • Current or former smoking

  • Exposure to secondhand smoke

  • Family history of lung cancer

  • Exposure to radon or workplace chemicals

  • History of radiation therapy to the chest

  • Increasing age

Risk increases with the duration and intensity of exposure to carcinogens.

Complications

Lung cancer can lead to serious complications:

  • Spread of cancer to other organs

  • Fluid buildup around the lungs

  • Severe breathing difficulties

  • Persistent pain

  • Coughing up large amounts of blood

  • Decreased quality of life

Prompt medical care helps manage symptoms and slow disease progression.

Prevention

Although not all cases are preventable, several measures can significantly reduce risk:

  • Avoiding tobacco use

  • Quitting smoking as early as possible

  • Avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke

  • Testing homes for radon

  • Using protective equipment in hazardous workplaces

  • Maintaining a healthy lifestyle

Early screening for high-risk individuals may help detect lung cancer at a more treatable stage.

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