Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia bacteria, most commonly Borrelia burgdorferi. It spreads to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks, also known as deer ticks. Lyme disease is most common in wooded and grassy areas. Early detection and treatment with antibiotics usually lead to full recovery, but untreated infection can affect the joints, heart, and nervous system.

Symptoms

Symptoms often appear in stages and may vary from person to person.

Early symptoms may include:

• A circular red rash called erythema migrans that slowly expands

• Fever

• Chills

• Headache

• Fatigue

• Muscle and joint aches

• Swollen lymph nodes

Later symptoms, if untreated, may include:

• Severe headaches and neck stiffness

• Additional rashes on other parts of the body

• Joint pain and swelling, especially in the knees

• Facial palsy (loss of muscle tone on one or both sides of the face)

• Irregular heartbeat

• Dizziness or shortness of breath

• Memory problems or difficulty concentrating

Causes

Lyme disease is caused by infection with Borrelia bacteria transmitted through the bite of an infected tick. Ticks become infected when they feed on infected animals such as mice or deer. The risk of transmission increases if the tick remains attached to the skin for more than 24 to 36 hours.

Risk Factors

Factors that increase the risk of Lyme disease include:

• Spending time in wooded or grassy areas

• Living in or traveling to regions where Lyme disease is common

• Not using insect repellent or protective clothing

• Delayed removal of attached ticks

Outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and gardening may increase exposure.

Complications

Without treatment, Lyme disease can lead to:

• Chronic joint inflammation known as Lyme arthritis

• Neurological problems such as numbness, tingling, or memory issues

• Heart rhythm disturbances

• Persistent fatigue

Early antibiotic treatment significantly reduces the risk of complications.

Prevention

Preventive steps can lower the risk of tick bites and Lyme disease:

• Wear long sleeves and long pants in wooded or grassy areas

• Use insect repellents containing DEET or permethrin

• Check the body and clothing for ticks after outdoor activities

• Shower soon after returning indoors

• Remove attached ticks promptly with fine-tipped tweezers

• Keep lawns trimmed and clear leaf litter around homes

Early recognition of symptoms and prompt medical care are essential for preventing serious health problems from Lyme disease.