Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal artery stenosis is a condition in which one or both renal arteries become narrowed, reducing blood flow to the kidneys. This decreased blood supply can impair kidney function and lead to secondary high blood pressure. Renal artery stenosis is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, particularly in older adults, but it can also result from fibromuscular dysplasia in younger individuals. Early identification is important to prevent progressive kidney damage.

Renal Artery Stenosis Symptoms

Many people with renal artery stenosis may not experience noticeable symptoms in the early stages. When symptoms do occur, they are often related to high blood pressure or declining kidney function.

• Sudden onset or worsening of high blood pressure

• High blood pressure that is difficult to control with medications

• Reduced kidney function on blood tests

• Fluid retention and swelling in the legs or feet

• Shortness of breath due to fluid buildup

• Fatigue and weakness

• Decreased urine output in severe cases

Renal Artery Stenosis Causes

Renal artery stenosis develops due to conditions that narrow or damage the renal arteries.

• Atherosclerosis causing plaque buildup in the arteries

• Fibromuscular dysplasia leading to abnormal artery wall growth

• Inflammation of blood vessels

• Compression of the renal artery by surrounding structures

• Injury to the renal artery during medical procedures

Renal Artery Stenosis Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing renal artery stenosis.

• Older age

• Smoking

• Diabetes mellitus

• High cholesterol levels

• High blood pressure

• Family history of vascular disease

• Female sex in cases of fibromuscular dysplasia

Renal Artery Stenosis Complications

If left untreated, renal artery stenosis can result in serious complications.

• Chronic kidney disease

• Worsening or resistant hypertension

• Reduced blood flow leading to kidney shrinkage

• Heart failure due to uncontrolled blood pressure

• Increased risk of cardiovascular events

• Sudden worsening of kidney function

Renal Artery Stenosis Prevention

Prevention strategies focus on reducing vascular risk factors and protecting kidney health.

• Controlling blood pressure and blood sugar levels

• Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels

• Quitting smoking

• Following a heart-healthy diet

• Engaging in regular physical activity

• Regular monitoring in individuals at risk

• Early evaluation of unexplained or resistant hypertension

Renal artery stenosis is a manageable condition, and timely diagnosis allows for appropriate treatment to preserve kidney function and control blood pressure.