Lyme disease is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia bacteria, most commonly Borrelia burgdorferi. It spreads to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks, also known as deer ticks. Lyme disease is most common in wooded and grassy areas. Early detection and treatment with antibiotics usually lead to full recovery, but untreated infection can affect the joints, heart, and …

Lupus nephritis is a serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus in which the immune system attacks the kidneys. This immune response causes inflammation and damage to the kidney’s filtering units, leading to impaired kidney function. Lupus nephritis can range from mild to severe and, if untreated, may progress to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. Early diagnosis and treatment are …

Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues throughout the body. It can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, and blood cells. The most common form is systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus often develops in women of childbearing age and may range from mild to life-threatening. Symptoms typically occur in cycles of …

Male hypogonadism is a condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone, the hormone responsible for male sexual development and reproductive function. It can also involve reduced sperm production or impaired testicular function. Testosterone plays a key role in maintaining muscle mass, bone density, red blood cell production, mood and sexual health. Male hypogonadism can develop at any …

Low sperm count, also known as oligospermia, is a condition in which a man has fewer sperm in his semen than normal. It is one of the most common causes of male infertility. A low sperm count can reduce the chances of fertilizing an egg, but pregnancy may still be possible depending on the severity and other factors. Diagnosis is …

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which blood sugar, also called glucose, falls below normal levels. Glucose is the body’s main source of energy, especially for the brain. When blood sugar levels drop too low, the body and brain may not function properly. Hypoglycemia is most commonly associated with diabetes, particularly in people who use insulin or certain oral diabetes medicines. …

Long QT syndrome is a heart rhythm disorder that affects the electrical activity of the heart. It causes a prolonged QT interval on an electrocardiogram, which represents delayed repolarization of the heart after each heartbeat. This delay can lead to dangerous, irregular heart rhythms known as arrhythmias. Long QT syndrome may be inherited or acquired and can increase the risk …

Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that affects the nervous system and causes painful muscle stiffness and spasms. It is caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is commonly found in soil, dust, and animal waste. The bacteria usually enter the body through cuts, wounds, burns, or puncture injuries. Once inside the body, the bacteria release toxins …

Morphea is a rare autoimmune skin condition characterized by localized areas of skin thickening and hardening caused by excess collagen production. It primarily affects the skin and underlying tissues and does not involve internal organs. Morphea is also known as localized scleroderma and is different from systemic scleroderma, which affects multiple body systems. The condition can occur at any age …

Liver disease refers to a broad range of conditions that damage the liver and affect its ability to function properly. The liver plays a vital role in digestion, detoxification, metabolism, and blood clotting. Liver disease may be acute or chronic and can progress silently for years before symptoms appear. Common forms of liver disease include fatty liver disease, hepatitis, alcoholic …