Oligodendroglioma

Diagnosis

Diagnosing oligodendroglioma involves several steps to determine the type, grade, and location of the tumor. Your healthcare team uses neurological exams, imaging tests, and tissue analysis to confirm the diagnosis and plan treatment.

A neurological exam is the first step. During this exam, your healthcare provider asks about your symptoms and checks your vision, hearing, balance, coordination, strength, and reflexes. Any issues in these areas may indicate where the tumor is located in the brain.

Imaging tests, especially MRI scans, are key to detecting brain tumors. MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and spinal cord. A functional MRI (fMRI) may also be used to map blood flow and identify brain regions responsible for language, movement, and other essential functions. This helps in planning surgery to avoid damaging critical brain areas.

Removing a tissue sample for testing is another important diagnostic step. If surgery is possible, a sample of the tumor is taken during the procedure. When surgery is not an option, a needle biopsy may be performed to collect the tissue. The method used depends on the tumor’s location and the patient’s condition.

In the laboratory, the tumor tissue is examined under a microscope, known as histology testing. This helps determine the type of cells involved. Genetic testing is also performed to detect specific DNA changes linked to oligodendroglioma. These tests help confirm the diagnosis and rule out other gliomas such as astrocytoma or glioblastoma.

Oligodendrogliomas are classified as either grade 2 or grade 3, based on how aggressive they are.

• Grade 2 tumors grow slowly and may be treated with surgery followed by radiation or chemotherapy.

• Grade 3 tumors, also known as anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, are more aggressive and typically require surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to remove or control the tumor, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life. The treatment plan depends on the tumor’s grade, location, and the patient’s overall health.

Surgery is usually the first step in treatment. The surgeon removes as much of the tumor as possible without damaging essential brain tissue. Complete removal offers the best chance for long-term control.

Radiation therapy may follow surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells. It uses high-energy beams to target tumor tissue. Radiation can help slow or stop tumor growth, especially in higher-grade cases.

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of tumor cells. It can be used after surgery and radiation or when surgery is not possible. Common chemotherapy drugs for oligodendroglioma include temozolomide and PCV (procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine).

Targeted therapy and clinical trials are emerging options for some people. These treatments aim to attack specific genetic changes in the tumor cells and may offer new hope for patients with advanced disease.

Supportive and rehabilitation care plays an essential role after treatment. This may include physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy to improve strength, coordination, and cognitive function.

Regular follow-up care with MRI scans is crucial to monitor for recurrence. Early detection of new tumor growth allows for timely intervention.

Prognosis

Prognosis depends on several factors, including tumor grade, growth rate, location, and the success of treatment.

• Grade 2 oligodendrogliomas are slow-growing, and many people live more than 10 years after treatment. Some studies show a median survival of 18 to 20 years.

• Grade 3 oligodendrogliomas are more aggressive, with a median survival of around 14 years. About 20% of people with grade 3 tumors live five years or less.

Better outcomes are usually seen in younger, healthy individuals whose tumors are completely removed.

Factors that may indicate a poorer prognosis include:

• Older age, especially over 60

• Being assigned male at birth

• Problems with movement, speech, or brain function

• Poor general health

• Tumors located in hard-to-reach areas of the brain

• Tumor size larger than 4 to 5 centimeters

• Absence of seizures when the tumor was discovered

What You Can Do

While some factors are beyond control, you can take steps to improve your outlook and well-being:

• Keep all follow-up appointments and undergo regular MRI scans as advised

• Maintain good overall health through a balanced diet, exercise, and adequate rest

• Report new or worsening symptoms promptly to your healthcare team

• Participate in supportive care programs, counseling, or rehabilitation if recommended

With ongoing monitoring and effective treatment, many people with oligodendroglioma can live long, fulfilling lives.