Kyphosis

Kyphosis is a condition characterized by an excessive forward rounding of the upper back, resulting in a hunched or slouched posture. While a mild curve of the spine is normal, kyphosis is diagnosed when the curvature becomes more pronounced and may cause discomfort or functional problems. The condition can affect people of all ages, depending on the underlying cause.

Symptoms

Symptoms of kyphosis vary based on the severity and cause of the spinal curvature.

Common symptoms include:

• Rounded or hunched appearance of the upper back

• Back pain or stiffness

• Muscle fatigue in the back

• Reduced spinal flexibility

• Tenderness along the spine

• In severe cases, difficulty breathing due to reduced lung expansion

Causes

Kyphosis can develop due to several structural or postural factors affecting the spine.

Common causes include:

• Poor posture over time, especially in adolescents

• Degenerative spine changes related to aging

• Osteoporosis leading to spinal fractures

• Congenital spinal abnormalities

• Spinal infections or tumors

• Neuromuscular disorders

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the risk of developing kyphosis.

Risk factors include:

• Advanced age

• Osteoporosis

• Prolonged poor posture

• Family history of spinal disorders

• Certain medical conditions affecting bone strength

• Female sex, due to higher osteoporosis risk

Complications

Untreated or severe kyphosis may lead to physical and functional complications.

Possible complications include:

• Chronic back pain

• Limited mobility or stiffness

• Compression fractures

• Reduced lung capacity

• Digestive discomfort from spinal compression

• Decreased self-esteem or emotional distress

Prevention

Some forms of kyphosis can be prevented or minimized with early intervention and healthy habits.

Preventive measures include:

• Practicing good posture

• Strengthening back and core muscles

• Ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D intake

• Engaging in weight-bearing exercise

• Treating osteoporosis early

• Regular spinal checkups during growth years

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